The Celtic Cross is a very popular piece of Celtic jewelry, one that people look to for both the enjoyment that comes with wearing it, as well as when it comes to the learning about the mysterious history behind it. What follows is a brief description of the cross and the limited knowledge we have regarding its history.

While there is still great discrepancy in the exact history of the Celts, many scholars date the Celtic Cross back to around the 9th Century and the area of Ireland. The earliest forms of the cross have been named the recumbent cross-slab. These versions laid down flat, as opposed to being erected.

Later, a rounded top came into the picture as erected cross-slabs were now standing in an upright position. Whether or not they were lying down or standing erect, some similarities included decorative spirals, key designs, and the interlaced knotwork designs that so many contemporaries associate with Celtic designer jewelry.

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What are called erect free standing Celtic Crosses came next. These also became quite elaborate and many different types of stone were used. A wider base was incorporated into this version of the cross and the effect was that of a taller cross as the head of the slab was cleared of rock.

The term “free” standing comes from the fact that the cross was now freed from the rock. Eventually, the inner areas between the arms and rings were carved into a more recessed design as the arms extended further beyond the inner ring.

It’s important to understand that the above history of the Celtic Cross is only one of many you may run across. Both Catholics and Presbyterians have claimed it as their own while those of Welsh, Irish and Scottish decent have claimed it as their own.

Irish Catholics claim that the circle in the Celtic Cross symbolizes eternity and how God’s love is endless. This interpretation is usually woven into the story of the crucifixion and the mystery surrounding the hope of salvation offered up by Christ through his resurrection.

Then again, you may also hear the account of how the cross was carved from the stones of the Druids and were carved in the form of a cross to hide the fact that they were really phallic symbols. The sun, which was something worshipped by the Druids, is said to be represented by the circle.

Another legend, based in the Irish history, says that St. Patrick came up with the very first Celtic Cross when he drew a circle that represented the pagan moon goddess over a Latin cross. This version is one that represents the conversion of Druids to Christianity as St. Pete changed some of the old Druid rituals into newer Christian ones.

As one can see, it’s difficult to ascertain the exact history of the Celtic Cross. This is why many people today have given up on this task and focus instead on simply coming to a personal position of what the cross means to them.

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Barry Castle was owned by William de Barri in the twelfth century, but it was raized to the ground by Llewellyn Bren in 1316. Many believe that the Cavaliers rebuilt and that the Roundheads destroyed it again. Whatever is true, it was never rebuilt again after that.

The Norman invaders were thoroughly detested by the local people and they had to build large mansions to defend themselves from frequent assaults on them by the people of the valleys and the mountains. During the reign of Henry III, there were 12 castles within six miles of Barry. In Glamorgan, there were 30 castles and in South Wales as a whole there were 150 !

Porthkerry and its church which lies on the wooded hill to the west of it are said to have taken their name from Ceri, who, in turn, is said to have founded a port there, ie ‘Port Ceri’. People say that Ceri ap Caid, the King of Essyllwg, lived in Porthkerry before the Christian era and that his bard, Corvinor, was the first to build a ship with sails and a rudder for the ‘race of Cymru’. Some believe that Ceri was a nephew or grandson of Caractacus (Caradog) and that he took over the leadership of the government in South Wales when Caractacus had to journey to Rome.

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John Wesley preached in the Porthkerry Church and sometimes outside in the churchyard too between 1741 and 1743. Today, there are two very old churches still in use in Barry: St. Cadocs Church in Cadoxton and Merthyr Dyfan Church in Merthyr Dyfan. One-hundred-and-fifty years ago, Cadoxton was the largest village in the Barry area: thus, in 1844 the Parliamentary register contained 25 names: 20 from Cadoxton and five from Barry. The one church was dedicated to St. Cadoc, who had been accustomed to spend Lent on Flat Holm and Barry Island. The village (Cadoc’s Town)took its name from the church, which was founded in 800 AD.

Merthyr Dyfan Church, which is situated in the north of Barry, was founded in 600 AD and the name means Dyfan The Martyr. There were two saints of this name. The one travelled to Barry to convert the local people to Christianity and the other lived in the sixth century. He was the son of a Welsh chieftain. His sister was also martyred and the town of Merthyr Tydfil is named in her memory.

The Christian faith grew very quickly in the Vale of Glamorgan and in the middle of the second century, the Prince of Siluria, Llewrwg, became the first king, of any country in the world in all history, to be baptized into the Christian faith. He sent to Rome for more Chritian teachers and was sent two monks named Dyfan and Fagan. Dyfan was martyred near the church and the Fagan was canonized. St. Fagan’s situated between Barry and Cardiff was named after him.

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Many people that go on vacation prefer to rent a home in their destination rather than staying in a hotel. Most of these people do this because it gives them the freedom to cook their own food and eat out at what time they like without missing set meals that they have previously paid for.

It can be more difficult to find such a vacation rental than simply making a hotel reservation. However, most holiday makers say that the endeavor is worthwhile. There are a few items that you should check up on if you are not to be dissatisfied when you get there.

It is very useful if you have friends or family living in the destination locale and if you do have this advantage, you should use it, but all is far from lost if you do not. There are often agencies for these types of vacation rentals as many people who live in such locations rent their homes out in the peak period and they do this via those agencies.

There are also quite a few web sites specializing in home rentals for holiday purposes. Some of these Internet agencies just charge on behalf of the property owner and others can arrange swaps, which is a great, low-priced way to travel the world.

The surveys that these web sites carry out are typically quite comprehensive, containing such predictable details as the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, but also such information as whether there is a phone, a car, bicycles or scooters on the property, along with distance to the shops, main road, airport, train and bus stations.

However, if you have any questions still unanswered, you are usually encouraged to ask them directly to the property owner via the agency’s web site. It is a good idea to rent a vacation home through a rental agency for security purposes, because if a problem does arise then you have a mediator on hand. In these situations the agency would handle the whole affair, up to the point of criminal proceedings.

You may also like to ask about the age of the property, because often the day to day repairs of the place is down to you while you are there, as are breakages, unless those things are covered by the owner’s insurance policy.

You should also find out whether you are allowed to use the home owner’s bedding, linen, and towels etc.. Often you just consider the house and its contents as your own, unles a cupboard or door is locked and you have not been given the key.

One last piece of advice is to get proper directions. Places that you are not familiar will look very different in the dark than they do in the daylight, particularly if the property is out of the way.

Therefore, if you are expecting to arrive late or if there is a possibility that you might be held up, ask for photographs of key points taken in the twighlight. It will make certain that you get to your destination vacation home rental with no difficulties.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with the rental of Welsh coastal cottages. If you are interested in a cottage or Wales in general, please go to our website at Welsh Products Online

It can be very tricky to find fine-looking and unforgettable corporate gifts. Many corporate gifts are just rubbish, especially the less expensive ones. However, there is a class of gift that is always appreciated and can be deemed useful too.

Have you always given a calendar or a letter opener? Or a key ring, just like every other business does? Or a bottle of wine that is forgotten the day after it was opened? Well, there is hope yet. What about glass crystal? Everybody loves lead crystal, do they not?

Lead crystal items really are the bees’ knees of gifts, corporate gifts or not. People always need ashtrays, paper weights, and pen holders and made of lead crystal they look expensive and stylish adding to the image of your company.

Lead crystal goods come in many kinds. They make fruit bowls, vases, glasses, paper weights, pen trays, ashtrays, picture frames and carriage clocks along with a dozen other items. When selecting a lead crystal corporate gift, you might like to bear the following points in mind:

If you are presenting these corporate gifts to your staff, you may like to differentiate between your employees or give everyone the same gift. You can on grounds of sex, length of service, marital status or input to the business’s profits. There again, you may know the longest serving personnel very well and want to get them something that will suit them personally. You can do this in terms of price or style or both.

For example, office staff might like a lead crystal paperweight, pen-holder or picture frame. Blue collar workers may rather a lead crystal vase or bowl. Single people might play golf or sail and like an item etched with a golfing or sailing motif. Married people might like a picture frame or a vase. Long-serving personnel or high-earners might like a carriage clock.

Cost is obviously an important issue, but usually corporate gifts are tax-deducible and glass crystal items vary greatly in price depending on the manufacturer. For example, you can get a nice lead crystal goblet set for $15, but if you want to give Waterford lead crystal, you can expect to pay three times as much.

Are you giving these corporate gifts to clients or / and prospective clients? In this case, you will have to have them inscribed with your firm’s contact details. You will also want the corporate gift to stay in the client’s office, so it should be office orientated, not home orientated. Something like a heavy paperweight shaped like a rock or a desk tidy fashioned like a boat.

This is the best kind of promotion after word-of-mouth and sign-written vehicles and should be taken seriously by any company that must have clients. Giving a well-thought of gift like lead crystal is a way of enhancing your reputation and that of the beneficiary.

The only other thing to keep in mind is that corporate gifts in lead crystal are valuable and need to be handled with care, so if you are having them inscribed, which you must do, then you will need to know how long it will take to get your consignment done and delivered.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with Waterford crystal vases. If you have an interest in Irish crystal or wedding rings, please go to our website now at White Gold Claddagh Ring

Nearly every family or social event includes the eating of food and the drinking or drinks in the celebration. Think of Christmas, birthdays, anniversaries, and weddings. In this article, I would like to speak about that centre piece of the wedding reception: the wedding cake.

The guests come to eat, drink and be merry and the bride’s parents always put a great deal of work into the organization of the wedding reception. The wedding cake is the focal point of the top table and the whole function in general. The wedding cake has traditional significance and it is often considered bad luck not to have a slice of the wedding cake.

There are specific rules for the timing of the cutting of the wedding cake that have become part of tradition. For example, if the wedding reception takes place at lunch or dinner, it is traditional to cut the wedding cake just before the sweet is served.

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However, if the reception is to take place in the late afternoon or early evening, the cake is served as soon as the guests arrive. In some traditions the bride and groom cut and eat the first slice together as a symbol of their vows to love, honour and obey each other. The remainder of the cake is generally cut by one of the assistants, like the maid of honour or a family relative.

It can be quite hard to choose the wedding cake. Traditionally, people opt for a white cake with white icing for weddings, however these days, people are becoming more adventurous and are choosing more exotic flavours and colours.

Some couples choose to have a wedding cake which has different flavours on each tier. While white icing is still the overwhelming favourite, people do order other colours like pink and yellow. Chocolate and mocha are also popular. These days you can have what you like. It is your day, after all.

Everyone enjoys the wedding reception. It is the most well-liked part of the wedding day and everyone looks forward to seeing the cake cut and sharing it with the bride and groom.

If you are considering becoming a cake decorator, you have a few choices to go about it. You could buy a book or a course or get a video in order to teach yourself how to decorate cakes from the plain to the ornate. You could also go to a night school class to learn the art or cake decoration.

Without a doubt, the very best way to learn cake decorating is to take a course. DVD’s, videos, and books are all well and good, but you cannot converse with them or ask questions. If you attend a class for three months or more you will learn more and get a more profound understanding of the art of cake decoration. You will learn how to put real emotion into the decoration of the cake and you will be able to translate the wedding couple’s dreams into a cake that you and they can be proud of.

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Most people look forward to going away on vacation and a lot of people like to make intricate plans and bookings. After all you usually have to make allowances for flights and hotels. However, there can also be car, tour and bicycle bookings too, depending on the type of holiday you want.

As an alternative to a hotel, you might want to think about hiring a private cottage. Cottage rentals are a good option to a hotel or guest house. In general, cottage holidays are self-catering, so you would have to be ready to put in a little more work than if you went on an all-inclusive hotel stay. A small cottage on the coast in an isolated setting would suit many people, but a vacation cottage on the coast might be better for others.

If you choose the right location, you can have whatever sort of cottage you want. Go to the coast if you like sailing or snorkeling. A seaside resort location would offer more night life most likely. If you want a quieter fishing vacation with canoing or boating, a quiet lakeside retreat would be more fitting. Then there are mountain retreats and several other levels of isolation and nightlife too.

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If you would like to go to see museums and other touristic sights, you should select a site near an appropriate city. It just requires a little forward planning and consideration.

We live in Wales and there are thousands of rental cottages of all types in all manner of locations. If you have a large family, you could hire several cottages close to each there and live in a kind of old fashioned village. There are also modern camps like ‘Center Parcs’ which have hundreds of very modern cottages in small groups of four or five so that families or friends can stay in a group together.

These contemporary cottages are very luxurious, with Jacuzzis, swirl baths, large flat screen televisions and all manner of entertainment equipment and satellite TV. The cottages are set in acres of woodland and wildlife is everywhere. There are deer, badgers, foxes, squirrels and dozens of types of birds including kingfishers, geese, ducks and swans.

The swimming pools are fully heated and go inside and outside into the woods, so that even in the middle of winter you remain warm. There is also archery, boating and hiking with many courses of differing hardship to follow. It is great to walk in the woods knowing that you cannot get lost with animals around every corner.

The wildlife is used to human company, so much or it is not afraid and they come right up to you if you stop for a picnic. These holidays are not so cheap as going to a self-catering private vacation, but they are safe, particularly for young families.

You can come across cottage rentals through a travel agent, but you can also find them by searching in your local newspaper. These are some of the best finds because the cottages might be only a few hours drive away, but that is remote enough to make a big difference. You do not really need to get on a plane to have a great vacation with a difference.

Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the rental of Welsh coastal cottages. If you are interested in a cottage or Wales in general, please go to our website at Welsh Products Online

Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with Welsh love spoons, or Wales in general, go to our website at Welsh Products Online

Many people think that the stars can supply a lot of knowledge about ourselves, our past and our future. This information can include how, when, and with whom we are most liable to fall in love, although it can go a lot further than that too. This is not to say that astrology is the same as a chart of your destiny, so although the one you love may not be a textbook match for you in astrological terms, it does not mean that you should not start a relationship.

There are a few methods by which you can start to understand the universal forces that attract someone to their partner or anyone else. If you learn to read or even master these forces, you will also gain knowledge of how to make any liaison work better and learn to know yourself at the same time as well.

One of the best ways to start, is to find a horoscope of yourself that appears pretty truthful. In this way you will discover a writer of horoscopes that you can trust. Not everyone is at the same level of development and this goes for horoscope writers too. Some are novices some are experts, most are in the middle and some are charlatans.

Once you have your own pretty truthful horoscope, get one done by the same person for the one you love or would like to get on with better. Try not to read too much into what you imagine you know until you know that you know it. For example, you might be a Capricorn (a ram), so it might sound logical to be weary of a Leo (a lion) as the two animals are enemies in real life. But learn more; do not jump to conclusions.

You can start to compare the two zodiac signs for complementary and contrasting qualities, likes and dislikes though.You can go into as much depth of detail about the ideal zodiac mate for you as you want. However, be very suspicious of letting the zodiac reading rule your life and decision-making. Do not give up on someone just because their horoscope appears to conflict with yours. Rather, use the information you read about the other person to connect better with them.

There really are rather a lot of very informative books and web sites to help you on your mission to figure out the details of your zodiac match. So do some research and have some fun with it. However, be prepared to unearth a few surprises. You will probably find that the author of the book or web site is closer to understanding you by your zodiac sign than you would ever have assumed, which means that the author is probably fairly accurate with your partner too.

Once you have been studying the zodiac for a time, you will look at people differently and you will be very inquisitive about other peoples’ star signs. You will want to know whether you can deduce a person’s sign of the zodiac and whether you can predict his or her reactions.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with Welsh love spoons, or Wales in general, go to our website at Welsh Products Online

Are you the type of dog owner who likes to take your companion with you wherever you go? If you are then you know that that there are times when you can do this, but there are also times when you can not, for whatever reason.

On the occasions when that happens, you will usually have to to find a boarding kennels that will take care of your dog while you are away.

A vacation is a time for relaxing, so you do not want to be worrying about your dog, if you can help it. Within your own country, it is not usually a big problem, but if you go abroad, then taking your dog can be more trouble than it is worth. Not only for you, but for your doggy friend as well.

If you can not place your dog with someone it knows, like a member of your family or a neighbour, then the only option is a boarding kennels.

I have put my dog in a bad kennel once and I learned a few lessons from that. I put my Becky in a kennel in a highly regarded village just outside our town. I was happy with what I saw and the sales pitch of the owner, so I went to Spain, thinking that all was fine for both of us. I had a great holiday and went straight to the kennels from the airport on my return, although I had told them a fortnight before that I would pick Becky up the day after my arrival. I just could not wait to see her.

I went to the kennels and they were surprised to see me. Of course, I was a day early. They said that Becky was ‘resting’ and that it would be better to ‘come back tomorrow’. No way! So they took me to see her. I nearly cried. She was sitting in a good sized cage, but on newspaper sodden with pee.

She saw me and just looked down at her paws. I called her name again, but she did not want to know. I paid the bill and put her in the car on the front passenger seat where she always sat. She just looked out the window and showed no interest in me whatsoever.

It took three days before she would speak to me again! The moral of this story is not to be impressed by big adverts or impressive locations as I was. Ask your dog-owning friends, write into the local paper inviting recommendations, phone the local animal protection society or the kennel club or look on the Internet.

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